Poison Hemlock: Threat to Livestock and Control Methods

Types of Hemlock

There are two main types of poison hemlock: spotted hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) and water hemlock, or spotted hemlock (Cicuta maculata).

1. Spotted hemlock is a biennial plant that grows in elevated areas. In the first year, it forms a basal rosette, and in the second year, it rises to 3 meters and blooms. Spotted hemlock leaves resemble carrots, and the smell of the plant is often described as unpleasant.

2. Water hemlock is a perennial that prefers damp places such as river banks. Its leaves have serrated edges and often form feathery inflorescences. It is one of the most poisonous plants, containing cicutoxin, which can cause severe poisoning.

Poisonous properties

Both types of hemlock contain toxic substances that are dangerous to animals and humans. Spotted hemlock contains piperidine alkaloids, and water hemlock contains cicutoxin. These poisons affect the central nervous system, which can lead to serious consequences. When poisoned, cattle show the following symptoms:

• Nervousness and anxiety
• Salivation
• Frequent urination
• Convulsions and paralysis

In severe cases, poisoning can result in death of the animal within hours, especially in species such as cattle , sheep, goats, pigs and horses.

Methods of struggle

To prevent poisoning and protect animals, it is necessary to regularly monitor pastures and use all available methods of combating poison hemlock:

1. Plant removal: promptly identify and remove hemlock from pastures, preferably using specialized root removal tools.

2. Herbicide application: It is recommended to use herbicides in spring and autumn. It is necessary to choose environmentally friendly products.

3. Education and awareness: Farmers should be aware of the signs of poisoning and be able to recognize poisonous plants. Regular seminars can increase awareness.

4. Pasture monitoring: Regularly check areas for poisonous plants, especially during periods of active growth.

5. Animal protection: Restrict animal access to hemlock areas using fencing or temporary pastures.

Poison hemlock is a serious health hazard to livestock and its control requires vigilance and a systematic approach. Pasture owners must be aware of the risks and take the necessary steps to protect their animals and the health of their herd.